There are a lot of studies that have shown that deficiencies in B12 accelerate a variety of diseases. Heart disease is the major one but also dementia ... I think what's going on is that aging is being accelerated when you don't have enough of these B vitamins.

mTOR responds to insulin signaling and fasting. And in response, it mobilizes proteins to be recycled and made into new proteins when you're hungry, and that's called autophagy—the garbage collection and trash recycling system of the cell.

In the mouse, in 2008, we published that just upregulating the SIRT1 gene in the nerve cells of a mouse's brain was sufficient to slow aging and prevent those loops and bundles from changing. And that was the first evidence you could even slow down a mouse's brain age.

What is really important to understand if you start to lose the function of SIRT1 and have low NAD levels, you're probably not going to sleep well, but also, you're going to age prematurely.